In the 1830s, the railroad boom started a new era in the building of railroad bridges pushing engineers to build towering wooden bridges that have become synonymous with the era.
Timber trestles were one of the few railroad bridge forms that did not develop in Europe. The reason was that in the United States and Canada cheap lumber was widespread and readily available in nearby forests. The Pacific Northwest of the U.S. and the province of British Columbia, Canada became the central region for hundreds of logging railroads whose bridges were almost all made of timber Howe trusses and trestles.
Timber trestles generally come in two forms. The first and most common is the pile trestle which consists of bents spaced 12 to 16 feet apart. Each bent consists of 3 to 5 round timber poles that are pounded straight into the ground by a pile driver. The centre post is upright, the two inner posts are angles at about 5 degrees and the outside posts are usually battered, angling outward for stability at about ten degrees. During construction, the top of the uneven posts are cut to the proper level for a cap which in turn supports the stringers and planks that hold the rail. Taller pile trestles contain diagonal “X” bracing across one or both sides of the bent and also between bents.
For higher timber trestles, the framed bent is used. Unlike pile bents, frame bents usually use square timbers and rest on mud sills or sub sills that act as a foundation. Frame bents are built in a series of “stories” that are usually between 10 and 50 feet high. For extremely high trestles, each section of the bent is built flat on the ground as a single or double story and then lifted and placed onto the ever lengthening trestle.
None of the dozen or so highest timber bridges of all time exist anymore. Nearly half of these 200 foot high monsters were built for logging railroads in the U.S. state of Washington and on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. For the lumber industry, rail lines were usually little more than a web of dead end tracks blanketed across the contour lines of a forested mountainside. Once the terrain was logged out, the tracks were abandoned. Since lumber was easy to find and abundant, it could quickly be cut on-site into tall piles or bents. With nothing built to last, construction standards were often low. Expensive bridges, especially those made of steel, were avoided by the loggers.
Early timber bridges had their drawbacks. Untreated lumber only lasted about 20 years and locomotives could easily cause the wood to catch fire. Collapses – rare today – were a regular Trestle bridgeoccurrence on logging railroads and there are numerous accounts of train crews that regularly hopped off their slow moving locomotive as it approached a high, untrustworthy trestle, allowing it to cross before they would then run across the bridge and jump back on. On main lines that carried passengers and freight, tall timber bridges reduced efficiency as trains had to cross them at slower speeds. Trestle bridgeInitially they were a quick way to get the route open but once established, the owners usually had them replaced with steel bridges or filled.
Without trestles to bridge the “gaps” the logging companies would have had a hard time. Trestles, in more ways than one carried the logging industry. Look at these pictures of these incredible trestles from the 19th century.
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| Log bridge (crib trestle) on the Columbia and Nehalem Valley Railroad, Columbia County, Oregon. |
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| Crib trestle bridge of the Columbia& Nehalem Valley Railroad at the McBride Creek, circa 1905. |
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| Montana’s massive 214 foot high Two Medicine Creek timber trestle on the Great Northern Railway. |
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| A home-made log bridge. The men sitting atop it give an idea of its height, and the diameter of the redwood logs used for construction. |
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| A 203-foot high wall of wood — the Cedar River Logging Trestle in Washington State. |
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| A timber trestle over the Crooked River Gorge in central Oregon sits nearly 320 feet off of the water. |
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| Trestle in Central Pacific Railroad, circa 1869. |
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| A spectacular avalanche , Feb 10, 1903 swept away part of a trestle 300 feet high that let northern pacific railway trains descend from this pass since 1890. |
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| Trestle and logging railroad at Robinson’s camp, Clallam County, Washington. |
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| The engine “Firefly” on a trestle of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, circa 1864. |
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| The Dale Creek Bridge, 2 miles west of Sherman, Wyoming. |
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| Trestle construction |
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| Erie – Constructing Trestle over B&S Railroad. |
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| Erie trestle construction |
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| Myra Canyon Trestle Bridge near Kelowna, British Columbia. Constructed by Kettle Valley Railway. |
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| The Myra Canyon trestles – located near the city of Kelowna, British Columbia – were constructed by the Kettle Valley Railway (“KVR”), a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway, as part of a secondary main line route that operated across southern British Columbia. |
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